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TIME: Almanac 1995
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<text id=91TT1511>
<title>
July 08, 1991: Beware of the Pillow
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
July 08, 1991 Who Are We?
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
MEDICINE, Page 48
Beware of the Pillow
</hdr><body>
<p>Researchers uncover a new culprit in the mystery of sudden infant
death syndrome
</p>
<p> Each year in the U.S. about 7,000 infants die in their cribs
for no apparent reason. Because doctors cannot find anything
physically wrong with them, these babies are listed as victims
of sudden infant death syndrome, a mysterious disorder that
seems to occur when infants somehow forget to breathe. But new
evidence from a pair of pediatricians at the Washington
University School of Medicine in St. Louis suggests that a
subtle form of suffocation may be the true culprit in
one-quarter to one-half of all suspected SIDS cases. Their
conclusion, published in last week's New England Journal of
Medicine, reflects a growing suspicion among doctors that the
position in which these babies slept, face down, may have played
a major role in their death.
</p>
<p> With the help of the Consumer Product Safety Commission,
Dr. James Kemp and Dr. Bradley Thach obtained information about
25 infants who died face down. All of the babies had been
sleeping on soft cushions, filled with polystyrene beads,
intended for infants. The two colleagues began their
investigation with a simple test. Each held one of the suspect
pillows to his own face and tried to breathe through it. "If you
breathe into it for a minute or two, you're O.K.," says Kemp,
an expert in the physiology of infant airways. "But after that
you really feel out of breath and uncomfortable."
</p>
<p> Even though the cushion had not prevented them from
breathing, the air they exhaled had become trapped in the beads.
So when they inhaled, they drew in stale air that was low in
oxygen. "You end up breathing back in what you've just breathed
out," Thach explains. "All the oxygen gets used up." Adults have
enough lung power to suck in sufficient oxygen through the
pillow, but Kemp and Thach determined that babies could not. By
testing rabbits that had the same lung size as infants, the
pediatricians proved that rebreathing into the bead-filled
cushions was fatal for babies. The two investigators also
determined that any movement by the children to free themselves
only buried their faces deeper into the pillows.
</p>
<p> Although the Consumer Product Safety Commission announced
a voluntary recall of the cushions last year, the pillows are
still readily available in people's closets and at garage
sales. Investigators are now trying to determine if other
products, like bedclothes or stuffed animals, could also cause
fatal rebreathing. In addition, the Missouri doctors' findings
are sure to fuel the controversy surrounding a question that
should have been answered long ago: What is the safest position
in which to put a newborn down to sleep? Pediatricians in some
European countries recommend placing infants on their side,
while most American doctors still opt for the abdomen. Kemp's
advice to parents: "Don't put your baby in a position where
something soft can cover its face."
</p>
<p> By Christine Gorman
</p>
</body></article>
</text>